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Adler, Eric. 2008.
"Boudica's Speeches in Tacitus and Dio." In Classical World 101.2: 173-195.

Alexandridis, Annetta. 2004
Die Frauen des römischen Kaiserhauses. Eine Untersuchung ihrer bildlichen Darstellung von Livia bis Iulia Domna. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. Pp. xv, 432; pls. 64. ISBN 3-8053-3304-8.

Alexandris discusses the portraits of Roman empresses from Livia to Julia Domna to determine how these portraits illustrate the function of women in representations of the imperial family and what moral or political messages they conveyed. She considers the question whether official portraits were different in any way from those commissioned by private persons. The portraits considered include coins (imperial mint) and cameo portraits as well as reliefs and statues. Reviewed by Emily A. Hemelrijk in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.81.21.

Allason-Jones, Lindsay. 2006².
Women in Roman Britain. York: Council for British Archaeology.

Ancona, Ronnie and Ellen Greene. 2005.
Gendered Dynamics in Latin Love Poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Arietti, James A. 1997.
“Rape and Livy´s View of Roman History." In Rape in Antiquity. Edited by Susan Deacy and Karen F. Pierce, 209-229. London and Swansea: Duckworth and The Classical Press of Wales.

Arjave, Antti. 1996.
Women and Law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Armstrong, Rebecca. 2006.
Cretan Women: Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra in Latin Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Balsdon, J.P.V.C. 1962.
Roman Women: Their History and Habits. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Barrett, Anthony A. 1996.
Agrippina: Sex Power, and Politics in the Early Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Barrett, Anthony A. 2004.
Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. New edition.

Baugh, S. M. 1999.
"Cult Prostitution In New Testament Ephesus: A Reappraisal." In Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 42.3: 443-460.

Baugh examines the evidence for cult prostitution in the New Testament world. Scholars have generally accepted that such prostitution was a common practice in the rites connected with Aphrodite and Artemis, particularly at Ephesus and Corinth. Baugh finds that ancient sources on such prostitution have been misunderstood as referring to contemporary practices; the ancient sources actually discuss cultic prostitution several centuries before New Testament times and in countries such as Armenia. He finds no evidence for cultic prostitution at Ephesus or Corinth. He reviews inscriptions naming priestesses of Artemis at Ephesus and concludes these inscriptions offer not only no evidence of cultic prostitution by priestesses, but, on the contrary, indicate that the priestesses were daughters of Ephesian nobility that served the goddess, as the inscriptions state, "in purity." Inscriptions and other ancient sources are all translated.

Bauman, R. A. 1992.
Women and Politics in Ancient Rome. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415115221. 304 pages.

Bauman investigates the role of Roman women in business, public affairs, law, and government from ca. 350 BCE through the Julio-Claudian emperors. He demonstrates that there was an expansion of women's influence in these spheres even before the prominent women of the early Principate.

Beard, Mary, John North, and Simon Price. 1998.
Religions of Rome. Volume 1: A history. Volume 2: A sourcebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Becker, T.H. 1997.
"Ambiguity and the Female Warrior: Vergil's Camilla." In Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics, 4 (1).

Benario, Herbert W. 2007.
"Boudica Warrior Queen." In Classical Outlook 82.2: 70-73.

Berrino, Nicoletta Francesca. 2006.
Mulier potens: realtà femminili nel mondo antico. In Historie: Collana di Studi e monumenti per le scienze dell'antichità 4. Galatina (Lecce): Congedo Editore. Pp. 198. ISBN 88-8086-656-7.

See Bryn Mawr Review BMCR 2007.04.60

Boatwright, Mary T. 1993.
"The City Gate of Plancia Magna in Perge." In Roman Art in Context: An Anthology. Edited by Eve D'Ambra, 189-207. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-781808-4. 247 pp., 97 b/w. Glossary, bibliography.

Plancia Magna rebuilt the main gate of her native city, Perge (Turkey), in 121 CE. A prominent public benefactor, Plancia Magna held several magistracies and priesthoods and was connected with the imperial cult in her home town. Boatwright examines the reliefs and inscriptions adorning the gate to show how the gate celebrated Perge's history as a city and its ties to the imperial house, as well as how the gate displayed the ambition and vision of Plancia Magna.

Bonner, Stanley F. 1977.
Education in Ancient Rome: From the Elder Cato to the Younger Pliny. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Borgeaud, Philippe. 2004.
Mother of the Gods: From Cybele to the Virgin Mary. Translated by Lysa Hochroth. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Boyd, B. W. 1992.
"Virgil's Camilla and the Traditions of Catalogue and Ecphrasis (Aeneid 7.803-17)." In The American Journal of Philology 113.2: 213-234.

Bradley, Keith R. 1991.
Discovering the Roman Family: studies in Roman social history. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bradley, Keith R. November, 2005.
"'The Bitter Chain of Slavery': Reflections on Slavery in Ancient Rome." Delivered in the Frank M. Snowden, Jr. Lectures at Howard University. Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington, DC.

Braund, Susanna Morton. 2002.
Latin Literature. London and New York: Routledge.

Brown, Robert. 1995.
"Livy's Sabine Women and the Ideal of Concordia." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 125:291-319.

Burns, Jasper. 2007.
Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars. London and New York: Routledge.

Burstein, Stanley M. 2007.
The Reign of Cleopatra. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Cahoon, Leslie. Autumn 1990.
"Let the Muse Sing On: Poetry, Criticism, Feminism, and the Case of Ovid." In Helios 17.2: 197-212.

Cantarella, Eva. 1986.
Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Translated by Maureen B. Fant. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Carpino, Alexandre A. 2003.
Discs of Splendor: The Relief Mirrors of the Etruscans. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Caston, Ruth Rothaus. 2006.
"Love as Illness: Poets and Philosophers on Romantic Love." In The Classical Journal 101.3: 271-98.

Churchill, Laurie J., Phyllis R. Brown, Jane E. Jeffrey (eds.). 2002.
Women Writing Latin From Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe. 3 vols. London and New York: Routledge.

In their introduction to Volume I, Women Writing Latin in Roman Antiquity, Late Antiquity, and the Early Christian Era, the editors discuss the significance of this three-volume project in the Routledge series of women writing in various languages. The volume is a significant addition to the still incipient scholarly study of women's writings. The editors discuss the problems women faced in gaining literacy and address why women engaged in the various kinds of writing they did. Each woman writer is introduced by a short essay, accompanied by a brief bibliography, on her life (if known), milieu, and genre. The Latin texts are accompanied by English translations. Volume I includes: "Women Writing in Rome and Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi," Cornelia's letters by Judith P. Hallett; "An Introduction to Epigraphic Poetry," by Jane Stevenson; "The Eleven Elegies of the Augustan Poet Sulpicia," by Judith P. Hallett; "Women's Graffiti from Pompeii," by Elizabeth Woeckner; "The Vindolanda Letters from Claudia Severa," by Judith P. Hallett; "Vibia Perpetua: Mystic and Martyr," by Judith Lynn Sebesta; "Faltonia Betitia Proba: A Virgilian Cento in Praise of Christ," by Bernice M. Kaczynski; "Inscriptions on Fabia Aconia Paulina," by Victoria Erhart; and "Itinerarium Egeriae: A Pilgrim's Journey," by Victoria Erhart.

Clark, Anna J. 2007.
Divine Qualities. Cult and Community in Republican Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 376. ISBN 978-0-19-922682-5.

Clark, John R. 1998.
Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C. - A.D. 250. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Pp. 372.

Cooper, Kate M. 1996.
The Virgin and the Bride: Idealized Womanhood in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, MA, London, England: Harvard University Press

Copley, Frank O. 1981.
Exclusus Amator: a study in Latin love poetry. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.

Culham, Phyllis. 1997.
"Did Roman Women Have an Empire?" In Inventing Ancient Culture: Historicism, Periodization, and the Ancient World. Edited by Mark Golden and Peter Toohey. New York: Routledge.

Culham argues that the establishment of empire and the emperorship by Augustus did introduce a new period in Roman women's history. Augustus' marriage legislation bestowed increased public status on elite women by linking their sexual morality to their husband's status. As a result, elite women gained more personal freedom. Elite women who followed the lead of Livia by becoming public benefactors were awarded titles such as honesta and honestissima in inscriptions. Though elite women were circumscribed by Augustus' legislation in some areas, new opportunities in other spheres were opened to them.

D´Ambra, Eve. 1993.
"The Cult of Virtues and the Funerary Relief of Ulpia Epigone." In Roman Art in Context: An Anthology. Edited by Eve D'Ambra, 104-114. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-781808-4. 247 pp., 97 b/w. Glossary, bibliography.

The funerary relief of Ulpia Epigone from the late first/early second century CE shows Ulpia reclining, half nude, on a kline. Ulpia's woolbasket is placed at her feet. D'Ambra investigates why a respectable Roman matron would have herself represented in a way that emphasizes her sexuality and fertility. The pose connects Ulpia to the goddess Venus and alludes to her attributes of physical grace as well as to her virtuous pursuit of wool-working, a sign of matronal moral rectitude.

D´Ambra, Eve. 1993.
Private Lives, Imperial Virtues: the frieze of the Forum Transitorium in Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

D´Ambra, Eve, (ed.). 1993.
Roman Art in Context: An Anthology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 0-13-781808-4. 247 pp., 97 b/w. Glossary, bibliography.

This volume contains several articles pertaining to Roman women: Susan Wood, "Alcestis on Roman Sarcophagi"; Eve D'Ambra, "The Cult of Virtues and the Funerary Relief of Ulpia Epigone"; Natalie Boymel Kampen, "Social Status and Gender in Roman Art: The Case of the Saleswoman"; Mary T. Boatwright, "The City Gate of Plancia Magna in Perge."

D´Ambra, Eve. 2007.
Roman Women. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Davies, Glenys. 2005.
"On Being Seated: gender and body language in Hellenistic and Roman Art." In Body Language in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Edited by Douglas Cairns, 215-238. Swansea, England: The Classical Press of Wales.

Davies applies modern theories of body language to interpret seated figures. While Roman men are posed in seated postures that assert superiority and authority, Roman women are posed seated in a variety of postures, ranging from asserting dominance, "sexual confidence...with a degree of matronly modesty," self-reserve, and defensiveness.

DeFelice, John. 2001.
Roman Hospitality: The Professional Women of Pompeii. Warren Center, PA: Shangri-La Publications. Pp. 306. ISBN 0-9677201-7-6.

Dixon, Suzanne. 1992.
The Roman Family. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Dixon, Suzanne. 2001.
Reading Roman Women : sources, genres and real life. London: Duckworth.

See also Mary Jane Engh and Kathryn E. Meyer, Femina Habilis, a biographical dictionary of active women in the ancient Roman world from earliest times to 527 CE, grouped under subject headings.

Edmunds, Susan, Prudence Jones, Gregory Nagy. 2004.
Text and Textile: An Introduction to Wool-Working for Readers of Greek and Latin. DVD. Department of Classics, Rutgers University.

This DVD presents illustrations of wool-working (carding, spinning, weaving) found on vase paintings, reliefs, etc. It includes demonstrations of drop-spindle spinning and weaving on a warp-weighted loom and discusses the social and economics of textile production.

Edmondson, Jonathan and Alison Keith, edd. 2008.
Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture. Toronto/Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. Pp. xvii, 370; plates 56 p. ISBN 978-0-8020-9319-6.

For a review of this book and a list of the articles it contains, click on BMCR.

Eisler, Riane. 1987.
The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future. San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers.

Engels, Donald. April 1980.
"The Problem of Female Infanticide in the Greco-Roman World." In Classical Philology 75.2:112-120.

Engels explains why the ratio of men to women may be inaccurate, and why calculations of the deceased's age can be inaccurate. He focuses upon categorizing skeletal remains of ancient Greeks and Romans. He points out that the current ways for one to estimate age and sex have been inaccurate. For example, smaller skeletal specimens are more likely to be tossed out and not regarded. Data may be skewed because elite families are more likely to be buried.

Evans-Grubbs, Judith. 1993.
"'Marriage More Shameful Than Adultery': slave-mistress relationships, 'mixed marriages,' and late Roman law." In Phoenix 47 (1993) 2.125-154.

Fantham, Elaine, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, and H. Alan Shapiro. 1994.
Women in the Classical World: Image and Text. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509862-5. 430 pp., 136 b/w. Chronology, map, indices.

The authors use artistic, literary, and documentary evidence to reconstruct the lives of women in Greece and Rome from the Greek Archaic Age through the Later Empire of Rome. Excursive chapters cover Spartan women, medicine as the "proof" of anatomy, Etruscan women, the "New Woman" of Rome, and the women of Pompeii. The volume analyzes poetry, vase painting, coins, and literary, legal, and medical texts to explore issues of social class, creativity, sexuality, and political involvement.

Fantham, Elaine. 2006.
Julia Augusti: The Emperor's Daughter. London and New York: Routledge.

Faraone, Christopher A., Laura K. McClure (eds.). 2006.
Prostitutes & Courtesans in the Ancient World. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.

Feldner, Birgit. 17 September, 2002.
"Women's Exclusion from the Roman Officium." In forum historiae iuris.

Finley, Moses I. 1965.
"The Silent Women of Rome." In Horizon 7.1: 57-64; reprinted in Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World. Edited by Laura K. McClure, 147-160. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.

Flemming, Rebecca. 2000.
Medicine and the Making of Roman Women. Gender, Nature, and Authority from Celsus to Galen. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Reviews available at PubMed Central and Project MUSE.

Flory, Marleen B. 1996.
"Dynastic Ideology, the Domus Augusta, and Imperial Women: A Lost Statuary Group in the Circus Flaminius." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 126: 287-306.

Flory, Marleen B. 1995.
"The Deification of Roman Women." In The Ancient History Bulletin 9.3-4:127-134.

Flory, Marleen B. 1993.
"Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 123: 287-308.

Forbis, Elizabeth P. 1990.
"Women's Public Image in Italian Honorary Inscriptions." In American Journal of Archaeology 3.4. 493-512.

The personal and domestic virtues of women are often described on their tombstones. However, Forbis examines Italian honorary inscriptions in the first three centuries CE and shows that members of Italian municipalities represented aristocratic women in a very different manner from the formulaic way they are portrayed on epitaphs. Honorary inscriptions emphasize the public generosity and wealth of elite women who became public benefactresses. Forbis observes that in the later decades of this period, as the number of male benefactors decreased, the importance of female benefactors increased.

Fraschetti, Augusto, (ed). 2001.
Roman Women. Translated by Linda Lappin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

French, Valerie. 1986, 1987.
"Midwives and Maternity Care in the Roman World." In Rescuing Creusa: New Methodological Approaches to Women in Antiquity. Edited by Marilyn Skinner, 69-84. Helios New Series 13 (2). Lubbock, TX: Texas Technical University Press.

French, Valerie. Autumn 1990.
"What is Central for the Study of Women in Antiquity?" In Helios 17.2: 213-220.

Fulkerson, Laurel. Spring 2003.
"Chain(ed) Mail: Hypermestra and the Dual Readership of Heroides 14." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 133.1: 123-146.

Gardner, Hunter H. Spring 2007.
"Ariadne's Lament: The Semiotic Impulse of Catullus 64." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 137.1: 147-179.

Gardner, Hunter H. 2008.
"Women's Time in the Remedia Amoris." In Latin Elegy and Narrativity: Fragments of a Story. Edited by G. Liveley and P. Salzman-Mitchell. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

Gardner, Jane F. 1986.
Women in Roman Law & Society. London: Croom Helm.

Gardner, Jane F. 1986.
Women in Roman Law & Society. London: Croom Helm.

Gardner, Jane F. and Thomas Wiedemann. 1991.
The Roman Household: a sourcebook. London & New York: Routledge.

Garrett, Alice.
"Teaching Latin with a Feminist Consciousness." In "Showcase" at Classics Technology Center.

Alice Garrett, Haverford High School, Havertown, PA. Garrett's paper examines the way feminism is transforming classical studies. Garrett offers her opinion on three popular Latin textbooks and the need for these texts to achieve "gender balance" in their treatment of men and women in the instruction they provide on learning Latin and learning about Roman world.

George, Michele. 2003.
"Race, Racism, and Status: Images of Black Slaves in the Roman Empire." In Syllecta Classica 14. 161-185, 8 b/w.

George points out that images of black slaves evoked exotic locales and signified their masters' wealth and social status. Black slaves were also thought to have apotropaic powers. Though the article is on black slaves generally, one of the illustrations shows black slaves who may be women.

Gillison, Linda W. 2003.
"Agrippina Laborum Periculorum Socia." In Syllecta Classica 14.121-141.

Gillison analyzes Tacitus' presentation of Agrippina and how he uses his depiction of Thusnelda and other German women as comparanda to represent the maternal and wifely virtues valued during the Republic. In doing so, Tacitus dissociates Agrippina from her father-in-law Tiberius in order to link her more closely to her husband.

Ginsburg, Judith. 2006.
Representing Agrippina: Constructions of Female Power in the Early Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the American Philological Association.

Gold, Barbara. 1998.
"The House I Live In Is Not My Own: women's bodies in Juvenal's Satires." In Arethusa 3: 369-86.

Gordon, Arthur E. 1983.
Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

Grebe, Sabine. 2003.
"Marriage and Exile: Cicero's letters to Terentia." In Helios 30: 127-46.

Green, Ellen. 1998.
The Erotics of Domination: Male Desire and the Mistress in Latin Love Poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Grubbs , Judith. 2002.
Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: a sourcebook on marriage, divorce, and widowhood. London & NY: Routledge.

Gutzwiller, Kathryn. 2004.
"Gender and Inscribed Epigram: Herennia Procula and the Thespian Eros." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 134: 383-418.

Gutzwiller argues persuasively that the Herennia Procula who wrote and signed an elegiac couplet in Greek about Praxiteles' statue of Eros on a marble statue base at Thespiae is a well-educated writer and the same Herennia Procula who, as a member of the wealthy Roman family well-known in Thessalonica through the 3rd century CE, the gens Herennia, dedicated columns in 66/67 CE to a local religious guild in memory of her father.

Habinek, Thomas. 1998.
The Politics of Latin Literature: Writing, identity, and empire in ancient Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hallett, Judith P. 1984.
Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the elite family. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hallett, Judith P. 1973.
"The Role of Women in Roman Elegy: Counter-Cultural Feminism." In Arethusa 6: 103-24.

Hallett, Judith P. 1989.
"Women as 'Same' and 'Other' in Classical Roman Elite." In Helios 16: 59-78.

Hallett, Judith P. 1999.
“Women in the Ancient Roman World." In Women´s Roles in Ancient Civilizations. Edited by Bella Vivante, 259-289. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press.

Hallett, Judith P. and Marilyn B. Skinner. 1997.
Roman Sexualities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Harper, James. April, 1972.
"Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome." In American Journal of Philology 93. 2: 341-342.

Harper discusses how short the average lifespan for the average Roman was, e.g. for a freedman it was about 25 years and for a slave 17 years. He notes that female slaves lived almost a year longer than their male counterparts.

Harris, W. V. 1999.
" Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves." In The Journal of Roman Studies 89: 62-75.

Harris discusses the question of where large slave owners obtained new slaves. He particularly examines the theory of "self-replacement," that the birth rate of slaves was sufficiently high as to be a major source of new slaves. He points out some questions in establishing the fertility rate of slaves, e.g. how large the slave population was in any given period and in any section of the empire; what the ratio of male to female slaves was; whether there was a difference in mortality rate of male to female slave infants and children. He estimates that the slave percentage of the population was between 16 and 20 percent. He argues that the fertility of slave women was affected by several factors which undercut the theory of "self-replacement," such as that there was a longer period between pregnancies of slave women than the Roman women, due to nursing slave women nursing their children, during which time they were more likely not to conceive again. Furthermore, male slaves outnumbered females, and, as more male slaves were imported into the empire (there were more tasks for male slaves than female), the ratio between the sexes was skewed toward the male. The fact that slave owners tried seriously to encourage the fertility of slaves points to the weakness of the self-replacement theory. Harris concludes that the self-replacement theory is improbable in the "high Roman Empire."

Harvey, Brian K. 2004.
Roman Lives: ancient Roman life as illustrated by Latin inscriptions. Newburyport, MA: Focus.

Hemelrijk, Emily A. 1999.
Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna. London, NY: Routledge.

Hemelrijk, Emily A. 2004.
"Masculinity and Femininity in the Laudatio Turiae." In Classical Quarterly 54.1: 183-197.

Hoffer, Stanley E. 1999.
The Anxieties of Pliny the Younger. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

James, Sharon L. 2003.
Learned Girls and Male Persuasion: Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

James, Sharon L. Spring 2003.
"Her Turn to Cry: The Politics of Weeping in Roman Love Elegy." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 133.1: 99-122.

Johnson, Marguerite and Terry Ryan. 2005.
Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature. New York: Routledge.

This sourcebook of translated poetry, inscriptions, and documents provides a variety of texts through which students may explore the nature of sexuality in antiquity. A short but helpful introduction gives a sociological background to sexuality in Greece and Rome. Texts are arranged under the following topics: the divine sphere; beauty; marriage; prostitution; same-sex relationships; sex and violence; anxiety and repulsion; aids and handbooks. The book provides a valuable glossary of Roman sexual terms (e.g. adulterium, cultus; cinaedus). There are eleven BW photos, primarily evidence for Greek sexuality.

Jones, Prudence J. 2006.
Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman OK: Oklahoma University Press. 345 pp. Paper.

Joshel, Sandra R. 1992a.
"The Body Female and the Body Politic: Livy's Lucretia and Verginia." In Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome. Edited by Amy Richlin, 112-30. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Reprinted in Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World. Edited by Laura K. McClure, 163-187. Oxford: Blackwell.

Joshel, Sandra R. Autumn, 1995.
"Female Desire and the Discourse of Empire: Tacitus's Messalina." In Signs 21.1: 50-82.

Joshel, Sandra R. 1992b.
Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: a study of the occupational inscriptions. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Joshel, Sandra R. and Sheila Murnaghan, editors.. 1989.
Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture: Differential Equations. New York: Routledge.

Kajanto, Iiro. 1965.
The Latin Cognomina. Helsinki.

Kampen, Natalie Boymel. 1981.
Image and Status: Roman working women in Ostia. Berlin: Mann.

For epitaphs of working women, see also Women at Work.

Kampen, Natalie Boymel. 1993.
"Social Status and Gender in Roman Art: The Case of the Saleswoman." In Roman Art in Context: An Anthology. Edited by Eve D'Ambra, 115-132. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-781808-4. 247 pp., 97 b/w. Glossary, bibliography

Kampen explores the relation of gender and status in visual images of Roman working people to show how these interacted as determinants of visual images. She pays particular attention to visual imaging of Roman saleswomen to show how their social position helped shape their iconography in Roman art. She compares the different receptions of images of men's work and women's work: while images of men's work are plentiful and popular, enhancing the social status of the worker, women workers were seldom commemorated visually and their work tended to be either invisible or based on iconographies and models arising from role, gender and status. For epitaphs of working women, see Women at Work.

Keppie, Lawrence. 1991.
Understanding Roman Inscriptions. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Kleiner, Diana E. E. 2005.
Cleopatra and Rome. Cambrideg, MA, and London: The Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.

Kleiner, Diana E. E. and Susan B. Matheson (eds.). 1996.
I, Claudia: women in ancient Rome. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. Distributed by the University of Texas Press, Austin.

This 1996 exhibition was the first comprehensive overview of the lives of Roman women as reflected in Roman art. The catalogue contains a number of essays and B&W illustrations of exhibit items, and some supplementary color illustrations. The essays are annotated under the authors' names in the Companion bibliography and include: Natalie B. Kampen, "Gender Theory in Roman Art"; Diana E. E. Kleiner, "Imperial Women as Patrons of the Arts in the Early Empire"; Klaus Fittschen, "Courtly Portraits of Women in the Era of the Adoptive Emperors (AD 98-180) and their Reception in Roman Society"; Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Engendering the Roman House"; Susan Treggiari, "Women in Roman Society:' Gordon Williams, "Representations of Roman women in Literature"; Susan B. Matheson, "The Divine Claudia: Women as Goddesses in Roman Art." The catalog also includes genealogy charts (Augustus and the Julio-Claudian dynasty; Trajan, Hadrian, and the Antonine dynasty; and the Severan dynasty); a glossary, suggestions for further reading; and a selected bibliography.

Kleiner, Diana E. E. and Susan B. Matheson (eds.). 2000.
I, Claudia II: Women in Roman art and society. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Volume II provides additional essays for the significant 1996 exhibition on Roman women. The essays are illustrated with a number of b/w photos. A selected bibliography is included. The essays are annotated under the authors' names in the Companion bibliography and include: "Her Parents Gave Her the Name Claudia," Diana E. E. Kleiner and Susan B. Matheson; "Livia to Helena: Women in Power, Women in the Provinces," Cornelius C. Vermeule III; "Livia: Portrait and Propaganda, " Rolf Winkes; "Family Ties: Mothers and Sons in Elite and Non-Elite Roman Art," Diana E. E. Kleiner; "Just Window Dressing? Imperial Women as Architectural Sculpture," Mary T. Boatwright; "Mortals, Empresses, and Earth goddesses: Demeter and Persephone in Public and Private Apotheosis," Susan Wood; "Nudity and Adornment in Female Portrait Sculpture of the Second Century AD," Eve D'Ambra; "Jewelry for the Unmarried," Andrew Oliver; "The Elder Claudia: Older Women in Roman Art," Susan B. Matheson; "Marriage Egyptian Style," Diana Delia; "Widows Too Young in their Widowhood," Ann Ellis Hanson.

Kleiner, Diana E. E. 1987.
"Women and Family Life on Roman Imperial Funerary Altars." In Latomus 46: 545-554.

Knorr, Ortwin. Spring 2006.
"Horace's Ship Ode (Odes 1.14) in Context: A Metaphorical Love-Triangle." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 136.1: 149-169.

Kokkinos, Nikos. 1992.
Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady. London: Routledge.

Kraemer, Ross S. 1988.
Maenads, Martyrs, Matrons, Monastics: a sourcebook on women's religions in the Greco-Roman world. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Kraemer, Ross S. 2004. Women's Religions in the Greco-Roman World: a sourcebook. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Kunst, Christiane . 2005.
"Ornamenta Uxoria. Badges of Rank or Jewellery of Roman Wives?" In Medieval History Journal 8. 1: 127-142.

This article aims at a critical assessment of Roman jewellery and its social function. The literary sources in general take a moralising stance towards jewellery and the external appearance of women, particularly of those from families of the nobility. An analysis of legal and pictorial evidence shows that the ornamenta uxoria had more than a decorative function. They clearly indicated wealth, rank and merit. Furthermore, a change of function from republican to imperial times can be detected: during the republic, a noblewoman's ornamenta were indicative of the status of her family (gens). Later, in imperial times, women were allowed ornamenta for individual merits (motherhood being first among them).

Leach, Eleanor Winsor . 2007.
"Claudia Quinta (Pro Caelio 34) and an Altar to Magna Mater." In Dictynna 4: 1-12.

LaFollette, Laetitia. 1994, 2001.
"The Costume of the Roman Bride." In The World of Roman Costume. Edited by Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante, 54-64, 6 bw. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-13854-2.

La Follette analyzes in detail the elements of the Roman bridal costume: tunica recta, flammeum, and the bridal coiffure. As the Vestal Virgin also dressed her hair in a manner similar to the bride's, La Follette examines portrait heads of Vestals to reconstruct the coiffure. La Follette demonstrates how all elements of the bridal costume are connected with the Flaminica Dialis and the Vestal Virgins.

Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Maureen B. Fant. 2005.
Women's Life in Greece and Rome. A Source Book in Translation. 3d. ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8310-5. 420 pp. 22 b/w plates.

The source book is comprised of 452 readings that illuminate the lives of women of Greece and Rome, from the sixth century BCE through the late fourth century CE. The selections are arranged in broad themes: Women's Voices, Men's Opinions, Philosophers on the Role of Women, Legal Status in the Greek World, Legal Status in the Roman World, Public Life, Public Life, Occupations, Medicine and Anatomy, Religion. There are sub-topics within each theme. Generally Greek and Roman sources are grouped together. The collection includes Christian sources. Notes on the selections, bibliography, and indices are in the back of the book. The third edition includes 73 additional sources, with notes, in an appendix keyed to the themes in women's lives, and an updated bibliography. Selections from the second edition are posted at Diotima.

Lindheim, Sara H. 2008.
Mail and Female: Epistolary Narrative and Desire in Ovid's Heroides. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

MacLaughlan, Bonnie. Summer, 2006.
"Voices from the Underworld: The Female Body Discussed in Two Dialogues." In the Paedagogus section of Classical World 99.4: 423-433. This article has been reprinted with the kind permission of the editor of Classical World.

Maehle, Ingvar. n.d.
"Female Cult in the Struggle of the Orders." Department of History, University of Bergen.

Marshall, Anthony J. Spring 1990.
"Roman Ladies on Trial: The Case of Maesia of Sentinum." In Phoenix 44.1: 46-59.

Marshall examines the anecdote in Valerius Maximus (8.3.1) of Maesia who argued her own case in court in the late Republic and who became notorious for usurping a critical male role and violating the feminine norm of pudicitia. Marshall discusses her case as it pertains to the principle of women's exclusion from criminal quaestiones and why she defended herself rather than a male relative.

Martin, Susan. 2006.
Latin II: Women of Rome "Private Lives and Public Personae." Kentucky Educational Television: Distance Learning, University of Tennessee.

McAuslan, Ian and Peter Walcot (eds.). 1996.
Women in Antiquity: Greece and Rome Studies. New York: Oxford.

McClure, Laura K. (ed.) . 2002.
Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World: readings and sources. Oxford: Blackwell.

The author's introduction may be read online.

McCullough, Anna. 2008.
"Female Gladiators in Imperial Rome." In Classical World 101.2: 197-209.

McCullough argues that though literary references to female gladiators are sparse, there is reason to believe that women were fighting other women in the late Republic. Such women may have been primarily of social rank lower than equestrian, but the Senatus Consultum of 22 B.C. indicates that there was some concern that women of higher rank might also perform in the arena. Most literary references, however, occur during the period of Nero and the Flavians. McCullough argues that authors make such references in order to point out the lavishness and splendor of the games offered and to make moral comments on past and present Roman emperors and society. She notes that there is no attested Latin word for female gladiator (gladiatrix is a modern coinage) and no evidence that the women fought male gladiators.

McGinn, Thomas. 1991.
"Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 121: 335-375.

McGinn, Thomas. 2004.
The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World: a study of social history and the brothel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Mclntosh, Gillian Elizabeth. 1997.
"Haec est illa meis multum cantata libellis: An Investigation of Female Personae in the Epigrams of Martial." A thesis submitted to the Department of Classics in confomity with the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 120 pp. PDF.

McLeod, Glenda. 1991.
Virtue and Venom. Catalogs of Women from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10206-0. 168 pp.

The literary genre "catalogs of women" presented women as types and contributed to the stereotyping of women in the popular imagination. Yet as cultural values associated with women changed, the catalogs also changed, and the genre could be used to oppose authority and voice women's minority opinion. This volume covers the catalogs of Homer, Hesiod, Semonides, Vergil, Ovid, Juvenal, Plutarch, St. Jerome, as well as medieval catalogs.

McManus, Barbara F. 1997.
Classics and Feminism: gendering the classics. New York and London: Twayne Publishers and Prentice Hall International.

McNamara, Jo Ann. 1998, 3d. ed.
"Matres patriae/ Matres Ecclesiae: Women of Rome." In Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Edited by Renate Bridenthal, Susan Mosher Stuard, Merry E. Wiesner, 76-103. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-79625-3. 1 b/w.

McNamara focuses on the changes in women's lives that occurred during the Roman empire as laws moderated Roman patriarchy and women gained control of their money and were able to establish themselves in positions of political influence. She also examines the role of women in religious innovations, including how women used Christianity as a way of attaining their social and political aspirations.

Milner, Kristina. 2006.
Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus: Inventing Private Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Moltesen, Mette and Anne Marie Nielsen. 2007.
Agrippina Minor. Life and Afterlife. Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Pp. 248; ills. and figs. ISBN 978-87-7452-296-6.

Mucznik, Sonia. 1999.
"Roman Priestesses: the Case of Metilia Acte." In Assaph: Studies in Art History 4. 61-78. 10 b/w.

The sarcophagus of Metilia Acte, priestess of Magna Mater, and her husband Junius Euhodus was found at Ostia. Mucznik analyzes the dedicatory inscription to determine the duties of a priestess of the Magna Mater and the social significance of this position. She reasons that since holding this priestly office was a costly activity, Metilia probably enjoyed high social and economic status.

Mueller, Hans-Friedrich. 1998.
"Vita, Pudicitia, Libertas: Juno, Gender, and Religious Politics in Valerius Maximus." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 128:221-263.

Murnaghan, Sheila and Sandra R. Joshel, (eds.). 1999.
Women & Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16229-7. 255 pp., bibliography

The anthology offers 14 valuable essays on the topic announced in the title. Those that treat Romen women are: Saller's "Symbols of gender and status hierarchies in the Roman household," Rei's "Villains, wives, and slaves in the comedies of Plautus," Clark's "Women, slaves and the hierarchies of domestic violence: The family of St. Augustine," Connolly's "Mastering corruption: Constructions of identity in Roman oratory," Parker's "Loyal slaves and loyal wives," McCarthy's "Servitium amoris: Amor servitii."

Ogden, Daniel. 2002.
Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515123-2. 353 pp.

The sourcebook presents 300 translated texts from literary and documentary sources, dating from the Greek Archaic period through the end of the Roman Empire. Some Christian sources are included. Chapters include: Medea and Circe, Witches in Greek Literature, Witches in Latin Literature. Texts include forms of magic used by women, such as curses, oracles, voodoo dolls, amulets, and the like. Notes accompany each text. The volume contains a bibliography and indices.

Osgood, Josiah. 2006.
"Nuptiae Iure Civili Congruae: Apuleius's Story of Cupid and Psyche and the Roman Law of Marriage." In Transactions of the American Philological Association 136: 415-441.

Parker, Holt. 2004.
"Why Were the Vestals Virgins? or The Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State." In American Journal of Philology 125.4: 563-592; Appendix: Chronological list of punished Vestals, 593-595; Bibliography 595-601.

Drawing on anthropoligical study of witchcraft and the sacrificial victim, Parker offers some answers to the questions of why Vestals had to be virgins, why they were murdered at times of political crisis, and why they were murdered by being buried alive. His arguments are based on the fact that the Vestals represented, metonymically, the city of Rome and so in times of crisis they served as pharmakon/pharmakos. He argues that the punishment of Vestals and matronae as well as establishment of cults of chastity, were attempts, based in sympathetic magic and out of deep fear of woman as stranger, to ward off crises to the city, as their inviolability represented the inviolability of the community.

Pharr, Clyde. February, 1939.
"Roman Legal Education." In The Classical Journal 34.5: 257-270.

While this article primarily traces the development of Roman legal education through Justinian, pages 268-270 discuss the reasons Roman writers gave why women were prohibited from practicing law and in particular Carfrania, who was notorious for bringing frequent litigation and pleading her own cases.

Plant, I. M. 2004.
Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: an anthology. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1975.
Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Schocken Books.

Pomeroy, Sarah B. 2007.
The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-02583-7.

Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla (ca. 125-160 CE) was a member of one of the most prominent (socially, politically, financially) aristocratic families in 2nd century Rome and was related to the Emperor Hadrian. At age fifteen, she married Herodes Atticus (some twenty-four years her senior), one of the wealthiest men in the Roman Empire, a Greek, prominent philosopher and former tutor of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Some twenty years later, Regilla died in mysterious circumstances, while eight months pregnant with her sixth child. Pomeroy uses an approach called "incident analysis, in which a single dramatic event such as a murder becomes a means of exploring social relations in the past" ( p. 7). Employing archaeological and epigraphical sources, literary references, political and social history and gender studies, Pomeroy tries to discover the causes leading to Regilla's murder and to picture the intimate life these two prominent persons negotiated. Although Herodes Atticus was charged and acquited, her murderer was never found.

Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1988.
"Women in Roman Egypt: A Preliminary Study Based on Papyri." In ANRW II.10.1: 708-723.

Rabinowitz, Nancy. 1993.
Feminist Theory and the Classics (Thinking Gender). New York: Routledge Press.

Raia, Ann. 1983, rev. 2002.
Women's Roles in Plautine Comedy. A paper delivered at the 4th Conference on Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, St. Joseph’s College, North Windham, Maine, in the panel “Puella, Matrona, Meretrix: Women in Roman Literature and Life.”

Rawson, Beryl. 2003.
Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

See an illustrated summary of Rawson's thesis by Barbara McManus.

Rawson, Beryl, ed. 1986.
The Family in Ancient Rome: New perspectives. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Rawson, Beryl, ed. 1991.
Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Rawson, Beryl and Paul Weaver. 1997.
The Roman Family in Italy: Status, sentiment, space. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Richlin, Amy. 1997.
"Pliny's Brassiere." In Roman Sexualities. Edited by Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner, 197-220. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rolfe, J. C. 1901.
"The Diction of the Roman Matrons.-- Plin. Epist. I.16.6." In Classical Review 15.9 (December) 452-453.

In this letter Pliny comments on the archaic writing style of the wife of one of his friends. Rolfe finds that Pliny's comment corroborates that of Cicero, viz., that women in general preserve the diction of Plautus or Naevius (de Orat. 8.12.45). Therefore Rolfe does not think the wife of Pliny's friend was consciously assuming the archaistic style that was coming into fashion, but rather is continuing the traditional style of diction among elite women.

Roller, Matthew. 2003.
"Horizontal Women: Posture and Sex in the Roman Convivium." In American Journal of Philology 124: 377-422.

Roller examines both visual and literary evidence to determine whether women dined reclining or sitting on couches at a convivium. It is generally thought that until the Augustan era, respectable women sat on couches, while others, including prostitutes, reclined alongside men, and their doing so signaled their sexual availability. Women, however, are portrayed as seated in visual representations of banquets (e.g. in tombs). Roller argues that while a woman of any status could recline at banquet beside a man with whom she was lawfully connected, respectable women would be represented as sitting, in accord with sexual mores rather than with social practice.

Rowlandson, Jane, (ed.) . 1998.
Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-58815-4. 406 pp. 3 maps. 7 figures. 49 b/w.

Chapters focus on the following topics: royalty and religion; family matters; status and law; economic activities; being female (birth, education, marriage, health). Eleven scholars present 289 translated sources from texts, papyri, and inscriptions to document the lives of women, whether queens or slaves. Each chapter contains an introductory essay; each source has its own introduction. Sources are keyed to illustrations where appropriate. The volume contains a concordance of texts, bibliography, index.

Saller, Richard P. 1999.
"Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household." In Classical Philology 94.2 (April): 182-197.

Salway, Benet. 1994.
"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700." In Journal of Roman Studies 84: 124-145.

Salway focuses on the changes in naming practices of male Romans, but has occasional reference to women's names. He explains the early disappearance of the feminine praenomen used in the early Republic and sheds a little light on how, in the Empire, a mother's ancestry might be noted in cognomina, i.e. Apulleia Varilla was named Varilla to recall her maternal grandfather, Sex. Quinctilius Varus. Salway argues that the system of three names for the Roman male citizen (praenomen, nomen gentilicium, cognomen) was only a transitory stage in Roman naming practice and not its perfection. While the post-classical shift in importance from nomen to the cognomen is seen as the decay of the archetype, he charts the development of the naming system from its origins in Rome and identifies the reasons for change beyond linguistic factors, in political and social developments.

Salomies, O., (ed.). 2001.
The Greek East in the Roman Context. Proceedings of a Colloquium Organised by the Finish Institute at Athens (May 21-22, 1999). Helsinki.

Salzman-Mtichell, Patricia B. 2007.
A Web of Fantasies: Gaze, Image, and Gender in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

Santoro L'hoir, Francesca. 2002.
"Unfriendly Persuasion: Seduction and Magic in Tacitus' Annales." In Ancient Journeys: Festschrift in Honor of Eugene Numa Lane. Edited by Cathy Callaway. Published by The Stoa: A Consortium for Electronic Publication in the Humanities.

Schultz, Celia A. 2006.
Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, Pp. xiii and 234. Cloth. ISBN 0-8078-3018-6.

Schultz uses literary sources, inscriptions, and artifacts, dating from the 5th to 1st centuries BCE to support her conclusions that Roman religion was far more gender-inclusive than is usually presented; that women held a number of high-profile religious positions (e.g., the priestesses of Ceres, Liber, and Venus); and that women were integrally involved in rites and cults that had broader civic concerns but have traditionally been thought to have been the preserve of men.

Seaford, R. A. S. 1981.
"The Mysteries of Dionysos at Pompeii." In Pegasus: Classical Essays from the University of Exeter. Edited by H. W. Stubbs. Exeter: University of Exeter Press: 52-67.

Sebesta, Judith Lynn. 1994, 2001.
"Symbolism in the Costume of the Roman Woman." In The World of Roman Costume. Edited by Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante, pp. 46-53. 1 bw. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-13854-2.

The article covers the changes in dress a woman experienced as she passed through the stages of life from girl, bride, matron, materfamilias, and widow.

Sebesta, Judith Lynn. 1994.
"Weavers of Fate: Symbolism in the Costume of Roman Women." The Harrington Lectures, University of South Dakota.

This address discusses the changes in clothing a Roman woman experienced in her various life stages and the apotropaic symbolism of various items of clothing. It also considers in particular the symbolism attached to the acts of spinning and weaving.

Sebesta, Judith Lynn. 1997, 1998.
"Women's Costume and Feminine Civic Morality in Augustan Rome." In Gender and History 9.3 (November 1997) 529-541. 3 b3; reprinted in Gender and the Body in Mediterranean Antiquity. Edited by Maria Wyke. Oxford, UK , Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20524-1.

Augustus claimed that the moral decay of the Roman Republic was especially due to Roman women who had forsaken their traditional role of "preserver of the household." In his attempt to reform feminine morality, Augustus created a new pictorial language that troped the feminine body as a "moral sign" of civic morality and authorized a distinctive costume for women. Sebesta investigates the relationship between women's garments, the female body and the Roman concept of feminine civic morality.

Sebesta, Judith Lynn and Larissa Bonfante, (eds.). 1994, 2001.
The World of Roman Costume. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBSN 0-299-13854-2. 272 pp. 168 bw. Glossary, indices.

This volume contains thirteen chapters on garments, literary evidence and motifs of costume, provincial costume, and costume reconstruction written by scholars who participated in the 1988 NEH seminar on Roman costume. Of particular interest are "Symbolism in the Costume of the Roman Woman" by Judith Sebesta, "The Costume of the Roman Bride" by Letitia La Follette, "Jewelry as a Symbol of Status in the Roman Empire" by Ann M. Stout, and "De Habitu Vestis: Clothing in the Aeneid" by Henry Bender.

Severy, Beth. 2003.
Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire. London and New York: Routledge.

Sharrock, Sharrock. 2002.
"Gender and Sexuality." In The Cambridge Companion to Ovid. Edited by Philip Hardie. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Shaw, Brent D. 1987.
"The Age of Roman Girls at Marriage: Some Reconsiderations." In The Journal of Roman Studies 77:30-46.

Shaw discusses the question of how young Roman women were upon age of first marriage. He notes that some did marry as young as ten or eleven, but most of the inscriptions discovered are near urban centers, such as Rome, and those noting a short term of marriage focus on women who died at a young age. Such inscriptions suggest that there was a fifty per cent mortality rate for women who married under the age of fifteen. The authors of the inscriptions around Rome are primarily parents until the deceased woman was twenty years of age, while husbands usually wrote the inscriptions for older wives. Those figures are not typical for other areas of the Roman Empire. For example in Spain parents wrote the inscriptions until the deceased woman was thirty or more years old. Shaw also notes that under Augustus a minimum legal age for marriage was established as well as a law that required women to have children by a certain age. Shaw presents evidence that during the Empire, men married in their mid to late twenties, whereas women married in their late teens.

Shelton, Jo-Ann. 1998 2nd ed.
As The Romans Did: a sourcebook in Roman social history. 2d ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Skinner, Marilyn B. (ed.). May 27-30, 2004.
Gender and Diversity in Place. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Feminism and Classics. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

Skinner, Marilyn B. 1983.
"Clodia Metelli." In Transactions of the American Philological Society 113: 273-287.

Smith, Warren, (ed.). 2005.
Satiric Advice on Women and Marriage: from Plautus to Chaucer. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Snyder, Jane M. 1989.
The Woman and the Lyre: women writers in classical Greece and Rome. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Solin, Heikki. 1996.
Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. Ein Namenbuch I-III. Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei, Beiheft 2. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Staples, Ariadne. 1998.
From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13233-9. 207 pp., index, bibliography.

Staples describes her book as being "about women's participation in Roman religion" and "about how religion constructed and defined women" during the late Republican period. She advances the unorthodox view that they played a central role in religion, participating in rites that were important to the state on a regular basis and in times of crisis, though "they were absent at the political interface of religion." Assuming that Roman religion was a "complex network of meaningfully related cults and rituals," in the succeeding four chapters she discusses mainstream Roman religious worship in which women played an important part: Bona Dea, Ceres, Flora, Venus, and the Vestals.

Stark, Rodney. 1996.
"The Role of Women in Christian Growth." In The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries, Chapter 5. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Stevenson, Jane. 2005.
Women Latin Poets : language, gender, and authority, from antiquity to the eighteenth century. Oxford, New York : Oxford University Press. 659 p.

Chapters 1, 2, and 3 deal, respectively, with: Classical Latin Women Poets (Sulpicia I and II); Epigraphy as a Source for Early Imperial Women's Verse; Women and Latin Poetry in Late Antiquity (Proba, the last pagan poets, the first nuns). The verse is given in Latin along with an English translation. An appendix serves as a "Checklist of Women Latin Poets and their Works."

Stratton, Kimberly. 2007.
Naming the Witch: Magic, Ideology, and Stereotype in the Ancient World. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. xv, 289. ISBN 978-0-231-13836-9.

SULPICIA. Fall 2006.
Engaging with Sulpicia: a special section. In Classical World 100.1. 3-42.

The original versions of these articles were delivered in a panel on Sulpicia that took place at the meeting of the Classical Association of theAtlantic States in Spring 2002 at Cherry Hill, New Jersey. "Critical Trends in Interpreting Sulpicia" by Alison Keith, 3-10; "Sulpicia: Just Another Roman Poet" by Carol U. Merriam, 11-15; "Catullus and the Amicus Catulli: The Text of a Learned Talk" by Holt N. Parker, 17-29; "Erasing Cerinthus: Sulpicia and Her Audience" by Lee T. Pearcy, 31-36; "Sulpicia and Her Fama: An Intertextual Approach to Recovering Her Latin Literary Image," 37-42.

Syme, Ronald. April, 1981.
"Princesses and Others in Tacitus." In Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., 28.1: 40-52.

Takacs, Sarolta A. 2008.
Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Matrons. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Using literary and epigraphical sources, Takacs investigates the role of Roman women in Roman religion, culture and history showing that it is more pervasive and essential, in Roman thought, to the vitality and success of the state than generally believed. Women did enter the public sphere of Roman society through certain religious ceremonies that re-established or maintained its "customary sociopolitical status quo." Chapters focus on "The Making of Rome," Rome Eternal," "Rome Beseiged." Particularly valuable are the chapters "Rome and Its Provinces," which uses mainly epigraphical sources to elucidate women's religious activities in the provinces and that of "Life Cycles and Time Structures," which reviews the annual public rites that women, whether Vestals, flaminicae, or matronae, engaged in on behalf of the state, the fertility of its citizens, and its relationship with the gods.

Thomsen, O. 1992.
Ritual and Desire: Catullus 61 and 62 and Other Ancient Documents on Wedding and Marriage. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Treggiari, Susan. 1981.
"Contubernales in CIL VI." In Phoenix 35: 59-81.

Treggiari, Susan. 1979.
"Lower Class Women in the Roman Economy." In Florilegium 1 (revision of a paper presented at the meeting of the Association of Ancient Historians, May 1976).

Treggiari, Susan. 1991.
Roman Marriage: Iusti coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Treggiari, Susan. 2007.
Terentia, Tullia and Publilia: The Women of Cicero's Family. London and New York: Routledge. Pp. xxii, 228; maps 3, figs. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-35179-9. BMCR review by David Noy, University of Wales Lampeter.

Turcan, Robert. 2000.
The Gods of Ancient Rome: Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times. Translated by Antonia Nevill. London and New York: Routledge.

Uzzi, Jeannine Diddle. 2005.
Children in the Visual Arts of Imperial Rome. New York: Cambridge University Press .

Zajko, Vanda and Miriam Leonard. 2006.
Laughing with Medusa: Classical Myth and Feminist Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 445. ISBN 0-19-927438-X.

Veyne, Paul, (ed.). 1987.
A History of Private Life. Volume I: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Walker, Cheryl. 2005.
"Appendix II.A: The Legend of Cloelia." In Hostages in Republican Rome, Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington, DC: 263-270.

Walker, Susan. 1990.
"The Sarcophagus of Maconiana Severiana." In Roman Funerary Monuments in the J. Paul Getty Museum Volume 1: Occasional Papers on Antiquities. Edited by Guntrum Koch, pp. 83-94. Malibu, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. Paper, 144 pages, 194 b/w illustrations. ISBN 978-0-89236-151-9.

Wallace, Rex E. 2004.
An Introduction to Wall Inscriptions from Pompeii and Herculaneum. Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci. Pp. xlvi and 136.

This book, aimed at undergraduates and graduate students, is divided into two parts: an introduction to the inscriptions in general and a selection of inscriptions, with notes and commentary. It includes also a list of abbreviations (grammatical and epigraphical) in the selected inscriptions and a full vocabulary. While all inscriptions do not pertain to women, some do, and the volume has usefulness as an introduction to epigraphy.

Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 1994.
Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

See also Penelope M. Addison, Pompeiian Households: An On-line Companion.

Warrior, Valerie M. 2002.
Roman Religion: a sourcebook. Newburyport MA: Focus.

Watson, Patricia A. 2005.
"Non Tristis Torus et Tamen Pudicus: the Sexuality of the Matrona in Martial." Mnemosyne LVIII, Fasc.1. Leiden: Brill.

West, G.S. 1985.
"Chloreus and Camilla." In Vergilius 31: 22-29.

Wiedemann, Thomas. 1989.
Adults and Children in the Roman Empire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Wiedemann, Thomas. 1981.
Greek and Roman Slavery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wilhelm, M.P. 1987.
"Venus, Dido and Camilla in the Aeneid." In Vergilius 33: 43-48.

Williams, Gordon. 1958.
"Some Aspects of Roman Marriage Ceremonies and Ideals." In Journal of Roman Studies 48: 16-29.

Winterer, Caroline. 2007.
The Mirror of Antiquity. American Women and the Classical Tradition, 1750-1900. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Pp. xii, 242. ISBN 978-0-8014-4163-9

Wood, Susan. 1993.
"Alcestis on Roman Sarcophagi." In Roman Art in Context: An Anthology. Edited by Eve D'Ambra, 84-103. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-781808-4. 247 pp. 97 bw. Glossary, bibliography.

There is a small group of Roman sarcophagi that contains the depiction of the death of Alcestis in relief. Wood examines a unique variation of this theme which shows Alcestis returning from the dead. She examines how this scene may connect to the religion of the Magna Mater professed by the owners of the sarcophagus, C. Junius Euhodus and his wife Metilia Acte, priestess of the cult of Cybele. This chapter also contains a "postscript," written thirteen years after the article's original appearance, that discusses three articles of relevance to the interpretation of this sarcophagal scene.

Wyke, Maria. 2002.
The Roman Mistress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wyke, Maria. 1994.
"Woman in the Mirror: The Rhetoric of Adornment in the Roman World." In Women in Ancient Societies. Edited by L. Archer et al. New York.

Young, Lesa A. (August) 2002.
"The Roles of Patrician and Plebeian Women in Their Religion in the Republic of Rome." On line thesis.

Zanker, Paul. 1998.
Pompeii: public and private life. Translated by Deborah L. Schneider. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Latin Text Commentaries and Epigraphical Sources

Bagnall, Roger S. and Raffaella Cribiore. 2006.
Women's Letters from Ancient Egypt. 300 B.C.-A.D. 800. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.

A collection of papyrus letters from Egypt written by women and organized according to their archives. The letters, limited by their concern for urgent everyday matters, are brief, unliterary and often obscure. The editors provide description, translation, interpretive context, and an introduction to the study of papyrus documents, while admitting the letters do not evidence a distinct feminine voice (see review by M.R. Lefkowitz in CW 101.1(Fall 2007).

Balme, Maurice and James Morwood. 2003.
On the Margin: Marginalized Groups in Ancient Rome. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Barker, Allison. 2004.
Links for the Study of Catullus.

Birley, Anthony R. 2000.
Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny: letters and panegyric. München and Leipzig: K. G. Saur.

Buecheler, Franz. and E. Lommatzsch, eds. 1972.
Carmina Latina Epigraphica (CLE), 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1895-; reprinted Amsterdam.

Buecheler, Franz. and A. Riese, eds. 1895-1930.
Anthologia Latina. Leipzig: Teubner.

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). 1869-.
Berlin: G. Reimerum, de Gruyte.

Dessau, Herman, ed.. 1979.
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (ILS). Chicago: Ares Publishers, reprint.

Goodyear, Francis Richard David. 1972-1981.
The Annals of Tacitus, books 1-6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harvey, Brian K.. 2005.
Epigraphic Images.

This site is a handsome collection of images and transcriptions of inscriptions identified by place (Beneventum, Ostia, Pompeii, Pozzuoli, Rome, Vatican) and collection.

Ogilvie, Robert Maxwell. 1970.
A Commentary on Livy, books 1-5. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965; reprinted with addenda.

Sherwin-White, A. N. 1966.
The letters of Pliny: a historical and social commentary. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Walsh, Joseph J. (ed). 2007.
What Would You Die For? Perpetua's Passion. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Sites for the Study of Ancient Women

    Diotima: Women and Gender in the Ancient World

    Feminae Romanae: The Women of Ancient Rome

    Internet Women's History Sourcebook: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern sources in the original and translation.

    Voice of the Shuttle

    Women in Ancient Rome at TeacherNet

    Internet Women's History Sourcebook